Structures of TrustP.Structure of Other-Trust iFirst@HypothesisjAt about eight months old, a mental structure is formed that suppresses big-tension due to the trust of the infant in the mother. This is the mental basic structure. It corresponds to John Bowlby's Theory of Attachment and E.H.Erikson's Theory of Basic Trust. Grasping the structure in which big-tension is suppressed by trust in the mother allows many things to be understood theoretically. n -TrustAs an infant, an image of trust in the mother is formed. With this image of trust in mother as a core, trust in close relatives, trust in other ordinary people, and trust in every surrounding person/thing are formed as a network of trust in others. All creatures including animals, plants, and nature other than self are others. This network of trust in others formed in the mind is named others -trust. Formation of trust in the mother by an infant results in trust in others and trust in humankind and trust in the world. If the mother whom the infant trusts to gets sick, the infant worries. The infant wishes that the mother will recover from her illness and become better. Trust in mother is love of mother, trust in others is love of others. Big-TensionSmall children are mentally weak and immature. They cry against just small things. In contrast, they learn their mother tongue rather quickly. They are mentally weak but are geniuses in terms of ability. A cockroach chased by a cat and hiding behind a refrigerator will come out after a while. The cat that was waiting will catch it. If a child encounters such a fear, he/she will not come out from behind the refrigerator soon. The reason is that the child has a far more excellent learning ability. Since the learning ability is excellent, it is hard for the child to recover from such damage. A function is necessary that allows the child to recover from damage and grow healthily. Anxiety, fear, and sadness remain as memories but are deeply suppressed in the mind, and peace of mind is obtained. In other words, if the entire mind is subjected to anxiety, fear, and sadness, the child cannot recover from damage and may find it hard to cotinue living. (That there is no anxiety without somatic tension seems immediately obvious. ( E.H.Erikson) Similarly, I suppose that there is no anxiety without mental tension. I think that anxiety means tension in the mind, and sadness is discharge of the tension. Therefore, I think that the entity of sadness is atension, and the entity of anxiety is the tension that is not discharged. Similarly, I think that the entity of fear is a big-tension that is not discharged, and the entity of big sadness is discharge of big-tension.) When a small child is separated from the mother, it first experiences anxiety, then experiences intense sadness.This sadness is different from the sadness caused by hunger, discomfort, and physical pain. It is mental. I interpret that this emerging sadness is discharge of big-tension that was suppressed by trust in the mother. However, how the big-tension is formed is unknown. These possibilities may be considered. - Accumulation of the memories of sadnesss that an infant encountered. rA small child who has been playing calmly shows anxiety when the mother disappears and then immediately starts loudly crying. In this case, someone nearby cannot suppress the sadness of the child because this person is not the person whom the child trusts to. It can thus be interpreted that the presence of the mother whom the child trusts to, not the mere presence of the mother, suppressed the big-tension. Trust in the mother was hurt by absence of mother, and the big-tension suppressed by trust to mother has emerged. It is considered that the fear of strangers shows that this basic structure is established. Other people whom the child is not afraid of become other for whom trust is not formed. By forming trust in the mother, the world is divided into the small domain corresponding to the trust, and the domain that is not formed trust to. With growth of the child, the network of trust of others spreads and also the domain of trust in the world spreads. 2. Structure of Self|Trust (Second Hypothesis)A small child at terrible two cries or get angry when losing a game. This phenomenon is interpreted as a structure in which an image of trust in self suppresses tension. This is the mental second structure (more surface structure). The image of trust in self ispreads as he/she grows up and a network of trust in self is formed. This network of trust in self is named as self-trust. r -TrustWhen and how an image of trust in self is formed is unknown. However, such a group of mental actions surely exists. A supposition that I am not really sure is given below. It is supposed that a child finds self as an object while the image of the trust to others is spreading from mother to close relatives. For a mind, others are external objects, self is an internal object. It is supposed that a structure is formed that creates an image of trust in self and suppresses sadness. E.H.Erikson wrought 'the infant must come to feel that his trust in himself and in the world (which is the lasting treasure saved from the conflicts of the oral stage...)'. But the recognition of self is not formed before eighteen months old (self-pretend play and the experiment by the mirror with a stain). Trust in self is not formed before eighteen months old. I suppose that the second structure is formed at the start of terrible two. A small child cannot do most things that can be easily done by surrounding people. Assume that a grown-up is placed in such an environment. The grown-up who should be mentally strong may lose his/her will. A person can maintain his/her will if he/she builds up and depends on trust in self. It is considered that trust in self will support growth. When a child forms trust in self, mind comes to be supported by double trust, trust in others and trust in self. But first time, trust in self is sma and week and easily wounded. So a small child easily cries and get angry. As knowledge spreads and skill is full and capability increases, the network of trust in self spreads and becomes stable. With growth of the child, the network of trust in others spreads and the network of trust in self sreads, so the child comes to not depend on the mother. Then, people have forgotten the meaning of trust in the mother. R. Functions from the StructuresOther-trust and self-trust tend to get damaged. It is the same as what the body tends to get damaged. Anxiety and fear and the ache are protecting the body from severe injuries. Anxiety and fear are preventing severe injuries and the ache is protecting the body from severe injuries. If there is no anxiety, no fear and no ache, we must receive many severe injuries, and almost of us will die without surviving. Similarly, other-trust and self-trust are protected from big wound by anxiety, fear and sadness. But other-trust and self-trust tend to get hurt. If the wound is not cured, we will hide the wound to maintain peace in the conscious. Other-TrustWhen other-trust is hurt, big-tension emerges. The mind attempts to avoid emergence of big-tension to the surface of mind, that is, to the layer of consciousness. The reason is that the tension is too great. The mind protects other-trust with its best efforts so that it must not be invaded by anything and must be protected. (Other-trust is very strongly protected. Further, it is considered that there is no personal difference in the intensity of big-tension suppressed by other-trust. Therefore, it is supposed that there is no personal difference in the intensity of other-trust that is formed as a prototype.) The object for the core of other-trust moves from mother to another as the child growth. During adolescence, the object for the core of other-trust will be the sweetheart. When a person becomes a parent, his/her child may become the object. (The sadness from death of a child is ordinarily greater than the sadness from the death of the mother.) - When someone hurts other-trust: When someone kills your love (i.e. the object for the core of other-trust), unbearable great sadness emerges. The great sadness is directed to the killer and becomes hostility. The killer is recognized as an enemy. - When other-trust is hurt by your love: Damages generated from betrayal by your love are immeasurable. Your love may be recognized as an enemy. Someone may kill his/her love to keep other-trust. Other-trust is hurt most badly by your love. There is an option of not loving a person to keep other-trust. - When you hurt your own other-trust: If you hurt others as a result of a mistake such as traffic accident, carelessness, or for some reason or other, you blame yourself. You suffer the pangs of conscience or a guilty feeling. The conscience is a function that blames yourself when you hurt your other-trust. It is considered that you never hurt your other-trust except for the cases of revenge, defense, and mistakes. - When other-trust is hurt by mother: A small child's trust to mother is hurt by momentary absence of mother. However, a small child expresses his/her sadness as it is, so inconsistency may not arise in his/her mind. Feeling hostility against mother means that you hurt your other-trust. You hurt your other-trust and a guilty feeling blames you. However, no problem may arise if you can put and discharge the hostility to your mother. If you feel hostility but suppress it, the hostility and guilty feeling remain inside your mind. Self-TrustThe mind tries to keep other-trust by any means. Similarly, the mind tries to keep self-trust. However, self-trust may have two aspects; trust to yourself and love to yourself, and trust to you by others and love to you by others. If self-trust is replaced with easy words, it means, gyou are trustful, you are capable, you are superior, you have something to be relied on, and so onh. It also means that you have something to be loved by people and something to be trusted by people. - When self-trust is hurt by another person: When you are not trusted or respected by another person, repulsion of self-trust emerges as repulsion of your self-respect. If your opponent is weaker than you, anger emerges. If your opponent is stronger than you, anger is suppressed and converted into hatred. Alternatively, you may not show repulsion of your self-respect to keep self-trust. There two ways; you fight to keep self-trust or you hide self-trust to keep it. - When you hurt your self-trust: If your antisocial behavior comes to light, you blame yourself because you betrayed trust by others. A person is afraid of detection of such a behavior and he/she may attempt suicide when the behavior is coming to light. However, if the behavior does not come to light, trust by others has not been betrayed and therefore you do not blame yourself. - When mother hurts self-trust: Assume that a small child spills water
from a glass and is scolded by mother. If you are blamed, your self-trust
is hurt and you repel normally. However, you cannot hurt your love to mother.
Also, you cannot lose love from mother. The child will try to be good so
that he/she can get love from mother. If the child can discharge anger
to mother when he/she feels anger against mother, problems may not arise
in mind. However, if anger against mother is suppressed, the anger remains
in mind. When you are speaking out in front of many people, you may be anxious because gyou are afraid of making mistakes h. You are afraid of being humiliated. You are afraid that you hurt trust to yourself by others. You feel envy if someone who is superior in the field you are good at exists near you. Alternatively, you try to compete as a rival. If you find in alumni that someone is more successful than you, you feel yourself miserable. These are the functions of self-trust. Described above are the reactions that occur when other-trust and self-trust encounter crisis. However, in ordinary life where no risk exists, we trust others, trust ourselves, respect others, and respect ourselves. We live on by keeping the balance of two types of love, other-trust and self-trust. We need love to others, we need love by others. These two loves lead us and form the base of social life. h n s-kh patriotism is hurt, chauvinism arises among the people. Suppressed hostility and anger against mother find a legal object and leads the chauvinism. The chauvinism shows other-trust and justice under the slogan gFor the country, for the comrades, and for the familiesh. If someone claims pacifism, he/she is regarded as an enemy who hurts other-trust. Normally killing people is stung by his/her conscience and a guilty feeling arises. However, in a war for protecting other-trust, most soldiers do not feel guilty when they kill enemies. The reason is that the fear of hurting other-trust is converted into hostility. You should be tough enough to live on with other-trust as it is, without converting anxiety or fear into hostility. Large and broad other-trust such as love of mankind or humanism is the strong love of grown-ups that does not convert anxiety and fear into hostility. S. Basic Rule r Basic Rule c (s g )After a baby is born; his/her mind forms the Base-Structure and the Upper-Structure. As a preceding issue, however, I considered that a basic rule of pursuing stabilization might exist in the mind and the function of this rule might form the structure that would suppress sadness. However, the basic rule of pursuing stabilization alone does not result in growth of mind. Existence of a basic rule resulting in growth was supposed. Consequently, I found the basic rule of development. Small animals having their holes will escape into the holes when they feel anxiety. When anxiety disappears and the mind is stabilized, they get out of their holes. Whether the mind is stabilized or not determines the direction of their behavior. The basic rules with opposite directions as the vectors leading the behavior are the basic rule of stabilization and the basic rule of development. A child who got lost in an amusement park does nothing but look for his/her mother. The child never pays attention to the merry-go-round. The eyes of the child who got lost and left in the midst of the world are not directed to the world although he/she is in the world. The child looks for mother who disappeared. The child is led by the basic rule of stabilization. The eyes of a child in his/her mother's arms watch the world. The child can maintain peace of mind even in an unknown world because he/she is along with his/her mother for whom the child has built up trust. Mother means peace of mind for a small child and means the base point for development. For small animals, mother is like a hole. When a small child feels anxiety, he/she returns to mother. When anxiety disappears and peace of mind comes back, the child goes out to the world. Stronger the trust to mother, more rigid the suppression of Big-Tension and more stabilized the mind. The more stabilized mind is further led by the basic rule of development. The stabilized mind appears as strong interest in and concentration to matters and things that is the mind pursuing development rather than the stabilized mind. However, an explorer who does nothing but advance will get lost some day. Development whose order cannot be maintained will lose the meaning of development. Stabilization is pursued after development. In nearly twenty years, the childish mind matures as the mind of a grown-up. Susumu Shiraishi |